-
Glycoconjugate Journal Aug 2021Glycoconjugate vaccines, obtained by carbohydrates covalently bound to protein carriers, have contributed to fight diseases such as meningitidis, pneumonia and typhoid...
Glycoconjugate vaccines, obtained by carbohydrates covalently bound to protein carriers, have contributed to fight diseases such as meningitidis, pneumonia and typhoid fever. Despite new technologies such as RNA and adenovirus based vaccine have now reached the market, these approaches are unable to target carbohydrates which are key virulence factors.This issue intends to provide an overview on relevant directions where the field is evolving and serve as starting point to increase interest in this exciting and fundamental part of vaccinology.
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Glycoconjugates; Humans; Vaccines, Conjugate; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 34169357
DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09997-5 -
BioMed Research International 2016In order to understand the genetic diversity of A. marginale, several efforts have been made around the world. This rickettsia affects a significant number of ruminants,... (Review)
Review
In order to understand the genetic diversity of A. marginale, several efforts have been made around the world. This rickettsia affects a significant number of ruminants, causing bovine anaplasmosis, so the interest in its virulence and how it is transmitted have drawn interest not only from a molecular point of view but also, recently, some genomics research have been performed to elucidate genes and proteins with potential as antigens. Unfortunately, so far, we still do not have a recombinant anaplasmosis vaccine. In this review, we present a landscape of the multiple approaches carried out from the genomic perspective to generate valuable information that could be used in a holistic way to finally develop an anaplasmosis vaccine. These approaches include the analysis of the genetic diversity of A. marginale and how this affects control measures for the disease. Anaplasmosis vaccine development is also reviewed from the conventional vaccinomics to genome-base vaccinology approach based on proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses reported. The use of these new omics approaches will undoubtedly reveal new targets of interest in the near future, comprising information of potential antigens and the immunogenic effect of A. marginale proteins.
Topics: Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasmosis; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial
PubMed: 27610385
DOI: 10.1155/2016/9032085 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2020is an opportunistic human pathogen capable of causing a wide range of potentially life-threatening infections. With multidrug-resistant infections on the rise, the... (Review)
Review
is an opportunistic human pathogen capable of causing a wide range of potentially life-threatening infections. With multidrug-resistant infections on the rise, the need for a rationally-designed vaccine against this pathogen is critical. A number of vaccine platforms have shown promising results in pre-clinical studies, but no vaccine has successfully advanced to licensure. Growing evidence suggests that an effective vaccine may require Th17-type CD4 T cells to prevent infection. In this review, we summarize recent pre-clinical studies of vaccines, specifically focusing on those that induce Th17-type cellular immunity. We also highlight the importance of adjuvant selection and immunization route in vaccine design in order to target vaccine-induced immunity to infected tissues. Advances in cellular immunology and adjuvant biology may ultimately influence better vaccine platforms that can protect targeted human populations.
Topics: Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Humans; Immunization; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas Vaccines; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Vaccines
PubMed: 31368828
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1650999 -
Trends in Biotechnology Aug 2019Design of a reliable process for bacterial antigen production requires understanding of and control over critical process parameters. Current methods for process design... (Review)
Review
Design of a reliable process for bacterial antigen production requires understanding of and control over critical process parameters. Current methods for process design use extensive screening experiments for determining ranges of critical process parameters yet fail to give clear insights into how they influence antigen potency. To address this gap, we propose to apply constraint-based, genome-scale metabolic models to reduce the need of experimental screening for strain selection and to optimize strains based on model driven iterative Design-Build-Test-Learn (DBTL) cycles. Application of these systematic methods has not only increased the understanding of how metabolic network properties influence antigen potency, but also allows identification of novel critical process parameters that need to be controlled to achieve high process reliability.
Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Bioengineering; Humans; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Vaccine Potency
PubMed: 30961926
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.03.005 -
Discovery Medicine Jul 2011Gram-negative bacteria naturally and constitutively release lipid bilayer vesicles from the outer membrane. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) range in size from... (Review)
Review
Gram-negative bacteria naturally and constitutively release lipid bilayer vesicles from the outer membrane. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) range in size from approximately 20-200 nanometers in diameter and enclose many native bacterial antigens in the spherical particles. Composed of outer membrane and periplasmic constituents, the vesicles function in diverse roles that, ultimately, make them a transportable part of the bacterial arsenal and survival system. These functional roles entail mediation of bacterial envelope stress, biofilm formation, virulence, and transformation. With their immunogenic properties, self-adjuvanticity, ability to be taken up by mammalian cells, and capacity for enhancement by recombinant engineering, OMVs are attractive candidates for vaccine delivery platforms. The first OMV vaccines were shown to be protective against clonal serogroup B meningococci outbreaks in Cuba, Norway, Brazil, and New Zealand, although there is still no global vaccine against serogroup B meningococci. However, interest in OMVs as vaccine carriers is growing as research exposes more of the molecular intricacies of vesiculation and how the vesicles can be co-opted to fight infectious bacterial agents.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; Cell Membrane; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Immunity
PubMed: 21794204
DOI: No ID Found -
Cell Host & Microbe Jun 2008The majority of currently available successful vaccines induce host responses against antigens that are highly conserved in the targeted pathogens. The diphtheria,... (Review)
Review
The majority of currently available successful vaccines induce host responses against antigens that are highly conserved in the targeted pathogens. The diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccines confer protection by inducing neutralizing antibodies to the conserved bacterial toxins that are the major virulence factors. The Hemophilus influenzae B vaccine induces responses to conserved epitopes in the sugar structure of the bacterial capsular polysaccharide. However, the efficacy of more recently developed vaccines is limited by antigen variation, which also presents a challenge for future vaccine development. This review will explore bacterial genome variability and its impact on vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Antigenic Variation; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; Gene Expression; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Polysaccharides, Bacterial
PubMed: 18541217
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.05.004 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Reverse Vaccinology (RV) is a widely used approach to identify potential vaccine candidates (PVCs) by screening the proteome of a pathogen through computational... (Review)
Review
Reverse Vaccinology (RV) is a widely used approach to identify potential vaccine candidates (PVCs) by screening the proteome of a pathogen through computational analyses. Since its first application in Group B (MenB) vaccine in early 1990's, several software programs have been developed implementing different flavors of the first RV protocol. However, there has been no comprehensive review to date on these different RV tools. We have compared six of these applications designed for bacterial vaccines (NERVE, Vaxign, VaxiJen, Jenner-predict, Bowman-Heinson, and VacSol) against a set of 11 pathogens for which a curated list of known bacterial protective antigens (BPAs) was available. We present results on: (1) the comparison of criteria and programs used for the selection of PVCs (2) computational runtime and (3) performances in terms of fraction of proteome identified as PVC, fraction and enrichment of BPA identified in the set of PVCs. This review demonstrates that none of the programs was able to recall 100% of the tested set of BPAs and that the output lists of proteins are in poor agreement suggesting in the process of prioritize vaccine candidates not to rely on a single RV tool response. Singularly the best balance in terms of fraction of a proteome predicted as good candidate and recall of BPAs has been observed by the machine-learning approach proposed by Bowman (1) and enhanced by Heinson (2). Even though more performing than the other approaches it shows the disadvantage of limited accessibility to non-experts users and strong dependence between results and training dataset composition. In conclusion we believe that to significantly enhance the performances of next RV methods further studies should focus on the enhancement of accuracy of the existing protein annotation tools and should leverage on the assets of machine-learning techniques applied to biological datasets expanded also through the incorporation and curation of bacterial proteins characterized by negative experimental results.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Vaccines; Computational Biology; Datasets as Topic; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Humans; Machine Learning; Proteomics; Software; Vaccinology
PubMed: 30837982
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00113 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Fowl cholera (FC) caused by is among the serious infectious diseases of poultry. Currently, formalin inactivated FC (FI-FC) vaccine is widely used in Ethiopia. However,...
Fowl cholera (FC) caused by is among the serious infectious diseases of poultry. Currently, formalin inactivated FC (FI-FC) vaccine is widely used in Ethiopia. However, reports of the disease complaint remain higher despite the use of the vaccine. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate gamma-irradiated mucosal FC vaccines that can be used nationally. In a vaccination-challenge experiment, the performance of gamma-irradiated (at 1 kGy) formulated with Montanide gel/01 PR adjuvant was evaluated at different dose rates (0.5 and 0.3 ml) and routes (intranasal, intraocular, and oral), in comparison with FI-FC vaccine in chicken. Chickens received three doses of the candidate vaccine at 3-week intervals. Sera, and trachea and crop lavage were collected to assess the antibody levels using indirect and sandwich ELISAs, respectively. Challenge exposure was conducted by inoculation at 3.5×10 CFU/ml of biotype A intranasally 2 weeks after the last immunization. Repeated measures ANOVA test and Kaplan Meier curve analysis were used to examine for statistical significance of antibody titers and survival analysis, respectively. Sera IgG and secretory IgA titers were significantly raised after second immunization (=0.0001). Chicken survival analysis showed that intranasal and intraocular administration of the candidate vaccine at the dose of 0.3 ml resulted in 100% protection as compared to intramuscular injection of FI-FC vaccine, which conferred 85% protection (=0.002). In conclusion, the results of this study showed that gamma-irradiated FC mucosal vaccine is safe and protective, indicating its potential use for immunization of chicken against FC.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Chickens; Gamma Rays; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Poultry Diseases; Vaccination
PubMed: 34917086
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768820 -
Expert Review of Vaccines Aug 2016Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common preventable cause of tubal infertility in women. In high-income countries, despite public health control efforts, C. trachomatis... (Review)
Review
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common preventable cause of tubal infertility in women. In high-income countries, despite public health control efforts, C. trachomatis case rates continue to rise. Most medium and low-income countries lack any Chlamydia control program; therefore, a vaccine is essential for the control of Chlamydia infections. A rationally designed Chlamydia vaccine requires understanding of the immunological correlates of protective immunity, pathological responses to this mucosal pathogen, identification of optimal vaccine antigens and selection of suitable adjuvant delivery systems that engender protective immunity. Fortunately, Chlamydia vaccinology is facilitated by genomic knowledge and by murine models that reproduce many of the features of human C. trachomatis infection. This article reviews recent progress in these areas with a focus on subunit vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Discovery; Humans; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 26938202
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1161510 -
Biomolecules Jun 2021Bacterial secretory systems are essential for virulence in human pathogens. The systems have become a target of alternative antibacterial strategies based on small... (Review)
Review
Bacterial secretory systems are essential for virulence in human pathogens. The systems have become a target of alternative antibacterial strategies based on small molecules and antibodies. Strategies to use components of the systems to design prophylactics have been less publicized despite vaccines being the preferred solution to dealing with bacterial infections. In the current review, strategies to design vaccines against selected pathogens are presented and connected to the biology of the system. The examples are given for , , , , and other human pathogens, and discussed in terms of effectiveness and long-term protection.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Secretion Systems; Bacterial Vaccines; Humans; Virulence
PubMed: 34203937
DOI: 10.3390/biom11060892